SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Fire (classical element)</title>

</head>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fire (classical element)</span></span>

</h1>

</header>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:20em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="Classical_element" title="Classical element">Classical elements</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="Classical_element#Classical_elements_in_Greece" title="Classical element">Hellenistic</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #eee;"><a href="Air_(classical_element)" title="Air (classical element)">Air</a>

<div style="width: 33%"><a href="Water_(classical_element)" title="Water (classical element)">Water</a></div><div style="width: 33%"><a href="Aether_(classical_element)" title="Aether (classical element)">Aether</a></div><div style="width: 33%"></div>

</div>

<a href="Earth_(classical_element)" title="Earth (classical element)">Earth</a></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="Tattva" title="Tattva">Hinduism</a> / <a href="Tattva_(Jainism)" title="Tattva (Jainism)">Jainism</a> / <a href="Mah%C4%81bh%C5%ABta" title="Mahābhūta">Buddhism</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #eee;"><a href="Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a>

<div style="width: 33%"><a href="Ap_(water)" title="Ap (water)">Ap</a></div><div style="width: 33%"><a href="Akasha" title="Akasha">Akasha</a></div><div style="width: 33%"><a href="Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></div>

</div>

<a href="Prithvi" title="Prithvi">Prithvi</a></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="Wuxing_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)">Chinese</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #eee;"><a href="Wood_(wuxing)" title="Wood (wuxing)">Wood</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">木</span></span>)

<div style="width: 33%"><a href="Water_(wuxing)" title="Water (wuxing)">Water</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">水</span></span>)</div><div style="width: 33%"></div><div style="width: 33%"><a href="Fire_(wuxing)" title="Fire (wuxing)">Fire</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">火</span></span>)</div>

<div style="width: 20%"></div><div style="width:25%;"><a href="Metal_(wuxing)" title="Metal (wuxing)">Metal</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">金</span></span>)</div><div style="width:10%;"></div><div style="width:25%;"><a href="Earth_(wuxing)" title="Earth (wuxing)">Earth</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">土</span></span>)</div><div style="width: 20%"></div>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="Godai_(Japanese_philosophy)" title="Godai (Japanese philosophy)">Japanese</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #eee;">Wind (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">風</span></span>)

<div style="width: 33%">Water (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">水</span></span>)</div><div style="width: 33%"><a href="The_Void_(philosophy)" title="The Void (philosophy)">Void</a> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">空</span></span>)</div><div style="width: 33%">Fire (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">火</span></span>)</div>

</div>

Earth (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">地</span></span>)</div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="Classical_element#Elements_in_Medieval_alchemy" title="Classical element">European alchemy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #eee;"><div style="padding: 0.5em 0; display: grid; grid: auto / 1fr 1fr 1fr; grid-template-areas: '. air .' 'water aether fire' '. earth .' 'sulphur mercury salt'">

<div style="grid-area: water"><span class="nowrap"><a href="Water_(classical_element)" title="Water (classical element)">Water</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="Water_(classical_element)" title="Water (classical element)"></a></span></span></div>

<div style="grid-area: aether"><span class="nowrap"><a href="Aether_(classical_element)" title="Aether (classical element)">Aether</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="Aether_(classical_element)" title="Aether (classical element)"></a></span></span></div>

<div style="grid-area: earth"><span class="nowrap"><a href="Earth_(classical_element)" title="Earth (classical element)">Earth</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="Earth_(classical_element)" title="Earth (classical element)"></a></span></span></div>

<div style="grid-area: sulphur"><span class="nowrap"><a href="Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulphur</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="Sulfur" title="Sulfur"></a></span></span></div>

<div style="grid-area: mercury"><span class="nowrap"><a href="Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)"></a></span></span></div>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></td></tr></tbody></table>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the classical element. For other uses of the term, see <a href="Fire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Fire (disambiguation)">Fire (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

<p><b>Fire</b> is one of the four <a href="Classical_element" title="Classical element">classical elements</a> along with <a href="Earth_(classical_element)" title="Earth (classical element)">earth</a>, <a href="Water_(classical_element)" title="Water (classical element)">water</a> and <a href="Air_(classical_element)" title="Air (classical element)">air</a> in ancient <a href="Greek_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek philosophy">Greek philosophy</a> and science. Fire is considered to be both hot and dry and, according to <a href="Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, is associated with the <a href="Tetrahedron" title="Tetrahedron">tetrahedron</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Greek_and_Roman_tradition">Greek and Roman tradition</h2></div>

<p><a href="Fire" title="Fire">Fire</a> is one of the four <a href="Classical_element" title="Classical element">classical elements</a> in ancient <a href="Greek_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek philosophy">Greek philosophy</a> and science. It was commonly associated with the qualities of energy, assertiveness, and passion. In one Greek myth, <a href="Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a> stole <i>fire</i> from the gods to protect the otherwise helpless humans, but was punished for this charity.<sup id="cite_ref-F_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Fire was one of many <i><a href="Arche" class="mw-redirect" title="Arche">archai</a></i> proposed by the <a href="Pre-Socratics" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Socratics">pre-Socratics</a>, most of whom sought to reduce the <a href="Cosmos" title="Cosmos">cosmos</a>, or its creation, to a single substance. <a href="Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a> <span class="nowrap">(c. 535 BCE –</span> <span class="nowrap">c. 475 BCE)</span> considered <i>fire</i> to be the most fundamental of all elements. He believed fire gave rise to the other three elements: "All things are an interchange for fire, and fire for all things, just like goods for gold and gold for goods."<sup id="cite_ref-DK90_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DK90-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had a reputation for obscure philosophical principles and for speaking in riddles. He described how fire gave rise to the other elements as the: "upward-downward path", (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὁδὸς ἄνω κάτω</span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-DK60_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DK60-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a "hidden harmony"<sup id="cite_ref-DK54_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DK54-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or series of transformations he called the "turnings of fire", (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πυρὸς τροπαὶ</span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-DK31_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DK31-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> first into <i>sea</i>, and half that <i>sea</i> into <i>earth</i>, and half that <i>earth</i> into rarefied <i>air</i>. This is a concept that anticipates both the four classical elements of <a href="Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a> and <a href="Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s transmutation of the four elements into one another.

</p>

<blockquote><p>This world, which is the same for all, no one of gods or men has made. But it always was and will be: an ever-living fire, with measures of it kindling, and measures going out.<sup id="cite_ref-DK30_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DK30-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<p><a href="Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a> regarded the <a href="Soul_(spirit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soul (spirit)">soul</a> as being a mixture of fire and water, with fire being the more <a href="Nobility" title="Nobility">noble</a> part and water the ignoble aspect. He believed the goal of the soul is to be rid of water and become pure fire: the dry soul is the best and it is worldly pleasures that make the soul "moist".<sup id="cite_ref-russell_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russell-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was known as the "weeping philosopher" and died of <a href="Hydropsy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydropsy">hydropsy</a>, a swelling due to abnormal accumulation of fluid beneath the skin.

</p><p>However, <a href="Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a> of <a href="Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Akragas</a> <span class="nowrap">(c. 495 –</span> <span class="nowrap">c. 435 BCE)</span>, is best known for having selected all elements as his <i>archai</i> and by the time of <a href="Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <span class="nowrap">(427–</span><span class="nowrap">347 BCE)</span>, the four Empedoclian elements were well established. In the <i><a href="Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus</a></i>, Plato's major cosmological dialogue, the <a href="Platonic_solid" title="Platonic solid">Platonic solid</a> he associated with fire was the <a href="Tetrahedron" title="Tetrahedron">tetrahedron</a> which is formed from four triangles and contains the least volume with the greatest surface area. This also makes fire the element with the smallest number of sides, and Plato regarded it as appropriate for the heat of fire, which he felt is sharp and stabbing, (like one of the points of a tetrahedron).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Plato's student <a href="Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> <span class="nowrap">(384–</span><span class="nowrap">322 BCE)</span> did not maintain his former teacher's geometric view of the elements, but rather preferred a somewhat more naturalistic explanation for the elements based on their traditional qualities. Fire the hot and dry element, like the other elements, was an abstract principle and not identical with the normal solids, liquids and combustion phenomena we experience:

</p>

<blockquote><p> What we commonly call fire. It is not really fire, for fire is an excess of heat and a sort of ebullition; but in reality, of what we call air, the part surrounding the earth is moist and warm, because it contains both vapour and a dry exhalation from the earth.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p></blockquote>

<p>According to Aristotle, the four elements rise or fall toward their natural place in concentric layers surrounding the center of the Earth and form the terrestrial or <a href="Sublunary_sphere" title="Sublunary sphere">sublunary spheres</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In <a href="Medicine_in_ancient_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicine in ancient Greece">ancient Greek medicine</a>, each of the <a href="Four_humours" class="mw-redirect" title="Four humours">four humours</a> became associated with an element. Yellow <a href="Bile" title="Bile">bile</a> was the humor identified with fire, since both were hot and dry. Other things associated with fire and yellow bile in ancient and <a href="Medieval_medicine_of_Western_Europe" title="Medieval medicine of Western Europe">medieval medicine</a> included the season of summer, since it increased the qualities of heat and aridity; the choleric temperament (of a person dominated by the yellow bile humour); the <a href="Masculinity" title="Masculinity">masculine</a>; and the eastern point of the compass.

</p>

<p>In <a href="Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a> the <a href="Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a> of <a href="Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> was often associated with fire and its <a href="Alchemical_symbol" title="Alchemical symbol">alchemical symbol</a> and its symbol was an upward-pointing triangle. In alchemic tradition, metals are incubated by fire in the womb of the Earth and alchemists only accelerate their development.<sup id="cite_ref-F_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indian_tradition">Indian tradition</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></div>

<p>Agni is a <a href="Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> and <a href="Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Vedic deity</a>. The word <i>agni</i> is <a href="Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> for fire (noun), cognate with <a href="Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>ignis</i> (the root of English <i>ignite</i>), Russian <i>огонь</i> (fire), pronounced <i>agon</i>. Agni has three forms: fire, lightning and the sun.

</p><p>Agni is one of the most important of the Vedic gods. He is the god of fire and the accepter of sacrifices. The sacrifices made to Agni go to the <a href="Deity" title="Deity">deities</a> because Agni is a messenger from and to the other gods. He is ever-young, because the fire is re-lit every day, yet he is also immortal. In Indian tradition fire is also linked to <a href="Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a> or the Sun and <a href="Mangala" title="Mangala">Mangala</a> or <a href="Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>, and with the south-east direction.

</p><p>Teukāya <a href="Ekendriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekendriya">ekendriya</a> is a name used in <a href="Jainism" title="Jainism">Jain</a> tradition which refers to <a href="J%C4%ABva_(Jainism)" title="Jīva (Jainism)">Jīvas</a> said to be <a href="Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnated</a> as fire.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ceremonial_magic">Ceremonial magic</h2></div>

<p>Fire and the other Greek classical elements were incorporated into the <a href="Golden_Dawn_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Dawn tradition">Golden Dawn</a> system. Philosophus (4=7) is the elemental grade attributed to fire; this grade is also attributed to the <a href="Hermetic_Qabalah" title="Hermetic Qabalah">Qabalistic</a> <a href="Sefirot" title="Sefirot">Sephirah</a> <a href="Netzach" title="Netzach">Netzach</a> and the planet <a href="Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="Magical_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Magical weapon">elemental weapon</a> of fire is the Wand.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each of the elements has several associated spiritual beings. The archangel of fire is <a href="Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a>, the angel is Aral, the ruler is Seraph, the king is Djin, and the fire <a href="Elemental" title="Elemental">elementals</a> (following <a href="Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a>) are called <a href="Salamander_(legendary_creature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salamander (legendary creature)">salamanders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fire is considered to be active; it is represented by the symbol for <a href="Leo_(astrology)" title="Leo (astrology)">Leo</a> and it is referred to the lower right point of the <a href="Pentacle" title="Pentacle">pentacle</a> in the Supreme Invoking Ritual of the Pentacle.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these associations have since spread throughout the occult community.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tarot">Tarot</h2></div>

<p>Fire in <a href="Tarot_card_reading" title="Tarot card reading">tarot</a> symbolizes conversion or passion. Many references to fire in tarot are related to the usage of fire in the practice of <a href="Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a>, in which the application of fire is a prime method of conversion, and everything that touches fire is changed, often beyond recognition. The symbol of fire was a cue pointing towards transformation, the chemical variant being the symbol delta, which is also the classical symbol for fire.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversion symbolized can be good, for example, refining raw crudities to gold, as seen in <a href="The_Devil_(Tarot_card)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Devil (Tarot card)">The Devil</a>. Conversion can also be bad, as in <a href="The_Tower_(Tarot_card)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tower (Tarot card)">The Tower</a>, symbolizing a downfall due to anger. Fire is associated with the <a href="Suit_of_wands" title="Suit of wands">suit of rods/wands</a>, and as such, represents passion from inspiration. As an element, fire has mixed symbolism because it represents energy, which can be helpful when controlled, but volatile if left unchecked.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_witchcraft">Modern witchcraft</h2></div>

<p>Fire is one of the <a href="Classical_element" title="Classical element">five elements</a> that appear in most <a href="Wicca" title="Wicca">Wiccan</a> traditions influenced by the <a href="Hermetic_Order_of_the_Golden_Dawn" title="Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn">Golden Dawn</a> system of magic, and <a href="Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a>'s mysticism, which was in turn inspired by the Golden Dawn.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</h2></div>

<p>In <a href="Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">freemasonry</a>, fire is present, for example, during the ceremony of <a href="Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">winter solstice</a>, a symbol also of renaissance and energy. Freemasonry takes the ancient symbolic meaning of fire and recognizes its double nature: creation, light, on the one hand, and destruction and purification, on the other.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div>

<li><a href="Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">Fire worship</a></li>

<li><a href="Pyrokinesis" title="Pyrokinesis">Pyrokinesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Pyromancy" title="Pyromancy">Pyromancy</a></li>

<li><a href="Pyromania" title="Pyromania">Pyromania</a></li>

<li><a href="Aries_(astrology)" title="Aries (astrology)">Aries (astrology)</a></li>

<li><a href="Leo_(astrology)" title="Leo (astrology)">Leo (astrology)</a></li>

<li><a href="Sagittarius_(astrology)" title="Sagittarius (astrology)">Sagittarius (astrology)</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071029052110/http://www.cs.utk.edu/~Mclennan/BA/AGEDE/Fire.html">"The Elements: Fire"</a>. <i>Cs.utk.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.utk.edu/~Mclennan/BA/AGEDE/Fire.html">the original</a> on 2007-10-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-18</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-DK90-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DK90_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Diels-Kranz" class="mw-redirect" title="Diels-Kranz">Diels-Kranz</a> B90 (Freeman [1948] 1970, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ASijqFryr5IC&lpg=PP45&pg=PA45">p. 45</a>).</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-DK60-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DK60_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Diels-Kranz" class="mw-redirect" title="Diels-Kranz">Diels-Kranz</a> B60 (Freeman [1948] 1970, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ASijqFryr5IC&lpg=PP43&pg=PA43">p. 43</a>).</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-DK54-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DK54_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Diels-Kranz" class="mw-redirect" title="Diels-Kranz">Diels-Kranz</a> B54 (Freeman [1948] 1970, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ASijqFryr5IC&lpg=PP42&pg=PA42">p. 42</a>).</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-DK31-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DK31_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Diels-Kranz" class="mw-redirect" title="Diels-Kranz">Diels-Kranz</a> B31 (Freeman [1948] 1970, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ASijqFryr5IC&lpg=PP40&pg=PA40">p. 40</a>).</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-DK30-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DK30_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Diels-Kranz" class="mw-redirect" title="Diels-Kranz">Diels-Kranz</a> B30 (Freeman [1948] 1970, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ASijqFryr5IC&lpg=PP40&pg=PA40">p. 40</a>).</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-russell-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-russell_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell, Bertrand</a>, <i><a href="History_of_Western_Philosophy_(Russell)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Western Philosophy (Russell)">History of Western Philosophy</a></i></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plato, <i>Timaeus</i>, chap. 22–23; Gregory Vlastos, <i>Plato’s Universe</i>, pp. 66–82.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181011014050/https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/a/aristotle/meteorology/book1.html">"Meteorology, by Aristotle (Book I, Section 3)"</a>. <i>Ebooks.adelaide.edu.au</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/a/aristotle/meteorology/book1.html">the original</a> on 11 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="G._E._R._Lloyd" title="G. E. R. Lloyd">G. E. R. Lloyd</a>, <i>Aristotle</i>, chapters 7–8.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_Calcutta:_Department_of_Letters1921" class="citation journal cs1">University of Calcutta: Department of Letters (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BDxQAQAAMAAJ&dq=Ekendriya&pg=PA352">"Journal of the Department of Letters"</a>. <i>Journal of the Department of Letters</i>. <b>5</b>. Calcutta University Press, originally from <a href="University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>: 352.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Israel Regardie, <i>The Golden Dawn</i>, pp. 154–65.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Regardie, <i>Golden Dawn</i></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Regardie, <i>Golden Dawn</i>, p. 80.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Regardie, <i>Golden Dawn</i>, pp. 280–286; Kraig, <i>Modern Magick</i>, pp. 206–209.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tarotteachings.com/fire-symbolism-in-tarot.html">"Fire Symbolism in Tarot"</a>. <i>Taroteachings.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.corax.com/tarot/index.html?element-of-fire">"Raven's Tarot Site"</a>. <i>Corax.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hutton, pp. 216–23; Valiente, Witchcraft for Tomorrow, p. 17.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daza, J. C. (1997). <i>Diccionario Akal de la masonería</i>. Madrid: Akal. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>84-460-0738-X</bdi></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer">Frazer, Sir James George</a>, <i>Myths of the Origin of Fire</i>, London: Macmillan, 1930.</li>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="DK"><a href="Kathleen_Freeman_(classicist)" title="Kathleen Freeman (classicist)">Freeman, Kathleen</a> & <a href="Hermann_Alexander_Diels" title="Hermann Alexander Diels">Diels, Hermann</a>; <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ASijqFryr5IC&lpg=PP38&pg=PA38">Ancilla to the Pre-Socratic Philosophers</a>: a complete translation of the fragments in Diels, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2XZKAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA54">Fragmente der Vorsokratiker</a></i>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-60680-256-4</bdi>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, [1948] 1970.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .infobox .side-box{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="side-box side-box-right sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fire_symbols" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Fire symbols">Fire symbols</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.friesian.com/elements.htm">Different versions of the classical elements</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070706044038/http://www.healthspace.eu/health/regular/healthspace.php">Overview the 5 elements</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/khin/wheel231.html">Section on 4 elements in Buddhism</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mheu.org/en/fire/">a virtual exhibition about the history of fire</a></li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Stoicism129" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Stoicism129" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_Stoic_philosophers" title="List of Stoic philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greek</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Scholarchs_of_the_Stoa26" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Scholarch" title="Scholarch">Scholarchs</a> of the Stoa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Zeno_of_Citium" title="Zeno of Citium">Zeno of Citium</a></li>

<li><a href="Cleanthes" title="Cleanthes">Cleanthes</a></li>

<li><a href="Chrysippus" title="Chrysippus">Chrysippus</a></li>

<li><a href="Zeno_of_Tarsus" title="Zeno of Tarsus">Zeno of Tarsus</a></li>

<li><a href="Diogenes_of_Babylon" title="Diogenes of Babylon">Diogenes of Babylon</a></li>

<li><a href="Antipater_of_Tarsus" title="Antipater of Tarsus">Antipater of Tarsus</a></li>

<li><a href="Panaetius" title="Panaetius">Panaetius</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

<ul><li><a href="Aristo_of_Chios" title="Aristo of Chios">Aristo of Chios</a></li>

<li><a href="Sphaerus" title="Sphaerus">Sphaerus</a></li>

<li><a href="Persaeus" title="Persaeus">Persaeus</a></li>

<li><a href="Herillus" title="Herillus">Herillus</a></li>

<li><a href="Dioscorides_(Stoic)" title="Dioscorides (Stoic)">Dioscorides</a></li>

<li><a href="Crates_of_Mallus" title="Crates of Mallus">Crates of Mallus</a></li>

<li><a href="Zenodotus_(Stoic)" title="Zenodotus (Stoic)">Zenodotus</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollodorus_of_Seleucia" title="Apollodorus of Seleucia">Apollodorus of Seleucia</a></li>

<li><a href="Boethus_of_Sidon_(Stoic)" title="Boethus of Sidon (Stoic)">Boethus of Sidon</a></li>

<li><a href="Dardanus_of_Athens" title="Dardanus of Athens">Dardanus</a></li>

<li><a href="Mnesarchus_of_Athens" title="Mnesarchus of Athens">Mnesarchus</a></li>

<li><a href="Dionysius_of_Cyrene" title="Dionysius of Cyrene">Dionysius of Cyrene</a></li>

<li><a href="Hecato_of_Rhodes" title="Hecato of Rhodes">Hecato of Rhodes</a></li>

<li><a href="Diotimus_the_Stoic" title="Diotimus the Stoic">Diotimus the Stoic</a></li>

<li><a href="Posidonius" title="Posidonius">Posidonius</a></li>

<li><a href="Geminus" title="Geminus">Geminus</a></li>

<li><a href="Diodotus_the_Stoic" title="Diodotus the Stoic">Diodotus</a></li>

<li><a href="Antipater_of_Tyre" title="Antipater of Tyre">Antipater of Tyre</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollonides_(philosopher)" title="Apollonides (philosopher)">Apollonides</a></li>

<li><a href="Athenodorus_Cananites" title="Athenodorus Cananites">Athenodorus Cananites</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roman</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Publius_Rutilius_Rufus" title="Publius Rutilius Rufus">Publius Rutilius Rufus</a></li>

<li><a href="Quintus_Lucilius_Balbus" title="Quintus Lucilius Balbus">Quintus Lucilius Balbus</a></li>

<li><a href="Cato_the_Younger" title="Cato the Younger">Cato the Younger</a></li>

<li><a href="Quintus_Sextius" title="Quintus Sextius">Quintus Sextius</a></li>

<li><a href="Attalus_(Stoic)" title="Attalus (Stoic)">Attalus</a></li>

<li><a href="Papirius_Fabianus" title="Papirius Fabianus">Papirius Fabianus</a></li>

<li><a href="Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca</a></li>

<li><a href="Lucius_Annaeus_Cornutus" title="Lucius Annaeus Cornutus">Cornutus</a></li>

<li><a href="Chaeremon_of_Alexandria" title="Chaeremon of Alexandria">Chaeremon of Alexandria</a></li>

<li><a href="Paconius_Agrippinus" title="Paconius Agrippinus">Paconius Agrippinus</a></li>

<li><a href="Persius" title="Persius">Persius</a></li>

<li><a href="Helvidius_Priscus" title="Helvidius Priscus">Helvidius Priscus</a></li>

<li><a href="Arulenus_Rusticus" title="Arulenus Rusticus">Arulenus Rusticus</a></li>

<li><a href="Gaius_Musonius_Rufus" title="Gaius Musonius Rufus">Musonius Rufus</a></li>

<li><a href="Publius_Clodius_Thrasea_Paetus" title="Publius Clodius Thrasea Paetus">Thrasea Paetus</a></li>

<li><a href="Rubellius_Plautus" title="Rubellius Plautus">Rubellius Plautus</a></li>

<li><a href="Barea_Soranus" title="Barea Soranus">Barea Soranus</a></li>

<li><a href="Publius_Egnatius_Celer" title="Publius Egnatius Celer">Publius Egnatius Celer</a></li>

<li><a href="Mara_bar_Serapion" title="Mara bar Serapion">Mara bar Serapion</a></li>

<li><a href="Euphrates_the_Stoic" title="Euphrates the Stoic">Euphrates</a></li>

<li><a href="Epictetus" title="Epictetus">Epictetus</a></li>

<li><a href="Hierocles_(Stoic)" title="Hierocles (Stoic)">Hierocles</a></li>

<li><a href="Claudius_Maximus" title="Claudius Maximus">Claudius Maximus</a></li>

<li><a href="Basilides_(Stoic)" title="Basilides (Stoic)">Basilides</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollonius_of_Chalcedon" title="Apollonius of Chalcedon">Apollonius of Chalcedon</a></li>

<li><a href="Junius_Rusticus" title="Junius Rusticus">Junius Rusticus</a></li>

<li><a href="Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> <small>(<a href="Philosophy_of_Marcus_Aurelius" title="Philosophy of Marcus Aurelius">Philosophy</a>)</small></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Glossary_of_Stoicism_terms" title="Glossary of Stoicism terms">Philosophical concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Logic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Adiaphora" title="Adiaphora">Adiaphora</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Katalepsis" title="Katalepsis">Katalepsis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Diairesis" title="Diairesis">Diairesis</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Physis" title="Physis">Physis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Pneuma" title="Pneuma">Pneuma</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ethics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Stoic_passions" title="Stoic passions">Pathos</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Apatheia" title="Apatheia">Apatheia</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">Eudaimonia</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Kathekon" title="Kathekon">Kathekon</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Negative_visualization" title="Negative visualization">Negative visualization</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Oikei%C3%B4sis" title="Oikeiôsis">Oikeiôsis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Prohairesis" title="Prohairesis">Prohairesis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Sage_(philosophy)" title="Sage (philosophy)">Sophos</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="On_Passions" title="On Passions"><i>On Passions</i> (Chrysippus)</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Paradoxa_Stoicorum" title="Paradoxa Stoicorum">Paradoxa Stoicorum</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Epistulae_Morales_ad_Lucilium" title="Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium"><i>Letters to Lucilius</i> (Seneca)</a></li>

<li><a href="Seneca_the_Younger#Essays" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca's Essays</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="De_Providentia" title="De Providentia">De Providentia</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="De_Brevitate_Vitae_(Seneca)" title="De Brevitate Vitae (Seneca)">De Brevitate Vitae</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="De_Vita_Beata" title="De Vita Beata">De Vita Beata</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="De_Beneficiis" title="De Beneficiis">De Beneficiis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="De_Clementia" title="De Clementia">De Clementia</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="De_Tranquillitate_Animi" title="De Tranquillitate Animi">De Tranquillitate Animi</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="De_Constantia_Sapientis" title="De Constantia Sapientis">De Constantia Sapientis</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Seneca's_Consolations" title="Seneca's Consolations">Seneca's Consolations</a></li>

<li><a href="Lectures_(Musonius_Rufus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lectures (Musonius Rufus)"><i>Lectures</i> (Musonius Rufus)</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Discourses_of_Epictetus" title="Discourses of Epictetus">Discourses of Epictetus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Enchiridion_of_Epictetus" title="Enchiridion of Epictetus">Enchiridion of Epictetus</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Meditations" title="Meditations"><i>Meditations of Marcus Aurelius</i></a></li>

<li><i><a href="Stoicorum_Veterum_Fragmenta" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta">Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Stoa_Poikile" title="Stoa Poikile">Stoa Poikile</a></li>

<li><a href="Stoic_Opposition" title="Stoic Opposition">Stoic Opposition</a></li>

<li><a href="Neostoicism" title="Neostoicism">Neostoicism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-06-07" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Fire_(classical_element)&oldid=1294357848">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>